Vocabulary: The
set of word by everyone or the parts of particular language which are usually
used to manage become a sentence.
The kinds of
vocabulary:
·
Written Form
– Orthography
The
alphabetic spelling system used by the English language which also uses a set
of rules that governs how speech is represented in writing a language such as
convention of spelling and punctuation.
·
Spoken Form
– Phonology
A
part of linguistic which represent about phoneme, speech sound and the way to
produce it.
Phoneme:
Smallest sound unit which distinguish the meaning.
Ex:
-Ship /ʃip/ (Consists of 3
phonemes)
-Sheep/ʃi:p/
(Consists of 4 phonemes)
·
Word
Parts – Morphology
A
linguistic branch which indentifies the unit of basic language as grammatical
unit. It represents detail of form and the function of word changes, semantic
function and grammatical function.
v
Grammatical
Function (Syntax)
Greek
: Sun means ‘with’ and tattein means
‘put’
Etymologically,
it says that grammatical function puts words to become the group of sentences.
Fillmore
(1968), divides structure of sentence becomes 2 components:
1.
Modality can be negation, case, aspect, adverb
2.
Preposition consists of a verb which is followed
by the number of case
Example : My elder sister didn’t read comic
yesterday.
Explanation : -My elder sister = Case 1,
-Didn’t = Negation
-Read = Verb
-Comic = Case 2
-Yesterday = Case 3
v Collocation is
two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound
"right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be
unnatural and just sound "wrong". Look at these examples:
Natural English...
|
Unnatural
English...
|
the fast train
fast food |
the
|
a quick shower
a quick meal |
a
a |
Types of Collocation
· Adverb + Adjective:
We
entered a richly decorated room.
· Adjective + Noun:
The
doctor ordered him to take regular exercise.
· Noun + Noun:
I'd
like to buy two bars of soap please.
· Noun + Verb:
The
bomb went off when he started the car engine.
· Verb + Noun:
I
always try to do my homework in the morning, after making my bed.
· Verb + Expression With Preposition: Their behaviour was enough to drive anybody to crime.
· Verb + Adverb:
Mary
whispered softly in John's ear.
Knowing Word
Meaning
Ø
Concept
and Reference – Semantic
Represent
about language structure which relates to the meaning of expression, meaning
structure in formally context.
Example:
Taylor gets a call from his mother.
And his mom asks him to get powder
soap.
Ø
Association
– Similarity
The
change of meaning which happens because of the similar character between the
old meaning with the new meaning.
Ø
Derivation
the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing
word. Derivation stands in contrast to the process of inflection,
which uses another kind of affix in order to form grammatical variants of the
same word
A
derivational suffix
usually applies to words
of one syntactic category and changes them into words
of another syntactic
category.
Examples
of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:
- Adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)
- Adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernise)
in British English or -ize (archaic → archaicize) in
American English and Oxford spelling
- Adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)
- Adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal →
personally)
- Noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation
→ recreational)
- Noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)
- Verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
- Verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance)
- Verb-to-noun (concrete): -er (write → writer)
- Inflection vs. derivation
Inflection vs. Derivation
Inflection is the process of adding inflectional morphemes (smallest units of meaning) to a word, which indicates grammatical information (for example, case, number, person, gender or voice, mood, tense, or aspect).
Derivation is the process of adding derivational morphemes, which create a new word from existing words, sometimes by simply changing grammatical category (for example, changing a noun to a verb).
Words generally are not listed in dictionaries (in which case they would be lexical items) on the basis of their inflectional morphemes. But they often are listed on the basis of their derivational morphemes. For instance, English dictionaries list readable and readability, words with derivational suffixes, along with their root read. However, no traditional English dictionary lists book as one entry and books as a separate entriesy nor do they list jump and jumped as two different entries.
